VISI SURVEILAN DINKES TASIKMALAYA

MENJADI SDM SURVEILAN YANG PROFESIONAL DAN BERDEDIKASI TINGGI

Saturday 5 March 2011

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

KEY FACTS
  • CVDs are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause.
  • An estimated 17.1 million people died from CVDs in 2004, representing 29%of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.2 million were due to coronary heart disease and 5.7 million were due to stroke.
  • Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected: 82% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur almost equally in men and women.
  • By 2030, almost 23.6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke. These are projected to remain the single leading causes of death. The largest percentage increase will occur in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The largest increase in number of deaths will occur in the South-East Asia Region.

What are cardiovascular diseases?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include:
  • coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
  • cerebrovascular disease - disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
  • peripheral arterial disease – disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
  • rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
  • congenital heart disease - malformations of heart structure existing at birth
  • deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can also be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots.

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use. Behavioural risk factors are responsible for about 80% of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
The effects of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity; these are called 'intermediate risk factors'.
There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs, or, if you like, "the causes of the causes". These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change – globalization, urbanization, and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs are poverty and stress.

What are common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases?

Symptoms of heart attacks and strokes
Often, there are no symptoms of the underlying disease of the blood vessels. A heart attack or stroke may be the first warning of underlying disease. Symptoms of a heart attack include:
  • pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest;
  • pain or discomfort in the arms, the left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.
In addition the person may experience difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath; feeling sick or vomiting; feeling light-headed or faint; breaking into a cold sweat; and becoming pale. Women are more likely to have shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and back or jaw pain.
The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms include sudden onset of: numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech; difficulty seeing with one or both eyes; difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and fainting or unconsciousness.
People experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care immediately.
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Rheumatic heart disease is caused by damage to the heart valves and heart muscle from the inflammation and scarring caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is caused by streptococcal bacteria, which usually begins as a sore throat or tonsillitis in children.
Rheumatic fever mostly affects children in developing countries, especially where poverty is widespread. Globally, almost 2% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases is related to rheumatic heart disease, while 42% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases is related to ischaemic heart disease, and 34% to cerebrovascular disease.
Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease
  • Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease include: shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heart beats, chest pain and fainting.
  • Symptoms of rheumatic fever include: fever, pain and swelling of the joints, nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting.
Treatment
  • Early treatment of streptococcal sore throat can stop the development of rheumatic fever. Regular long-term penicillin treatment can prevent repeat attacks of rheumatic fever which give rise to rheumatic heart disease and can stop disease progression in people whose heart valves are already damaged by the disease.

Why are cardiovascular diseases a development issue in low- and middle-income countries?

  • Over 80% of the world's deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries.
  • People in low- and middle-income countries are more exposed to risk factors leading to CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases and are less exposed to prevention efforts than people in high-income countries.
  • People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs (including early detection services).
  • As a result, many people in low- and middle-income countries die younger from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases, often in their most productive years.
  • The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are affected most. At household level, sufficient evidence is emerging to prove that CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to poverty. For example, catastrophic health care expenditures for households with a family member with CVD can be 30 per cent or more of annual household spending.
  • At macro-economic level, CVDs place a heavy burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries. Heart disease, stroke and diabetes are estimated to reduce GDP between 1 and 5% in low- and middle-income countries experiencing rapid economic growth, as many people die prematurely. For example, it is estimated that over the next 10 years (2006-2015), China will lose $558 billion in foregone national income due to the combination of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.

How can the burden of cardiovascular diseases be reduced?

Heart disease and stroke can be prevented through healthy diet, regular physical activity and avoiding tobacco smoke. Individuals can reduce their risk of CVDs by engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco use and second-hand tobacco smoke, choosing a diet rich in fruit and vegetables and avoiding foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt, and maintaining a healthy body weight.
Comprehensive and integrated action is the means to prevent and control CVDs.
  • Comprehensive action requires combining approaches that seek to reduce the risks throughout the entire population with strategies that target individuals at high risk or with established disease.
  • Examples of population-wide interventions that can be implemented to reduce CVDs include: comprehensive tobacco control policies, taxation to reduce the intake of foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt, building walking and cycle ways to increase physical activity, providing healthy school meals to children.
  • Integrated approaches focus on the main common risk factors for a range of chronic diseases such as CVD, diabetes and cancer: unhealthy diet, physically inactivity and tobacco use.
There are several treatment options available.
  • Effective and inexpensive medication is available to treat nearly all CVDs.
  • Survivors of a heart attack or stroke are at high risk of recurrences and at high risk of dying from them. The risk of a recurrence or death can be substantially lowered with a combination of drugs – statins to lower cholesterol, drugs to lower blood pressure, and aspirin.
  • Operations used to treat CVDs include coronary artery bypass, balloon angioplasty (where a small balloon-like device is threaded through an artery to open the blockage), valve repair and replacement, heart transplantation, and artificial heart operations.
  • Medical devices are required to treat some CVDs. Such devices include pacemakers, prosthetic valves, and patches for closing holes in the heart.
There is a need for increased government investment through national programmes aimed at prevention and control of CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases.

For more information contact:

WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: mediainquiries@who.int

Thursday 10 February 2011

MASALAH HIV/AIDS DAN ROKOK PERLU PERHATIAN SERIUS

Untuk meningkatkan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas sebagai kekuatan pembangunan, masalah HIV/AIDS dan rokok memerlukan perhatian serius. Hal ini disebabkan jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS terus meningkat setiap tahunnya dengan proporsi kumulatif kasus AIDS tertinggi pada kelompok usia produktif (usia 20-29  tahun) sebanyak 49,07%. Demikian juga dengan jumlah perokok, berdasarkan hasil Riskesdas Tahun 2010, prevalensi perokok secara nasional sebesar 34,7%. Berarti lebih dari sepertiga penduduk berisiko mengalami gangguan kesehatan seperti kanker, penyakit jantung dan penyakit akibat gangguan pernapasan. Hal itu disampaikan Menteri Kesehatan, dr. Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih, MPH, Dr.PH ketika menyampaikan sambutan kepada peserta Rapat Kerja Nasional Gubernur di Jakarta, Senin, 31 Januari 2011.

Menurut Menkes, kesehatan merupakan unsur dominan dalam Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), karena lima dari delapan agenda MDGs berkaitan langsung dengan kesehatan. Lima agenda tersebut adalah Agenda ke-1 (Memberantas kemiskinan dan kelaparan), Agenda ke-4 (Menurunkan angka kematian anak), Agenda ke-5 (Meningkatkan kesehatan ibu), Agenda ke-6 (Memerangi HIV/AIDS, Malaria, dan penyakit lainnya), serta Agenda ke-7 (Melestarikan lingkungan hidup).

Untuk mendukung upaya pencapaian MDG’s, pada tahun 2011 Kemenkes mulai meluncurkan Bantuan Operasional Kesehatan (BOK). BOK diberikan kepada seluruh Puskesmas di Indonesia yang besarnya berkisar antara Rp 75 juta sampai Rp 250 juta per tahun sesuai wilayah regional masing-masing. Pada tahun 2011 ini juga mulai dilaksanakan Program Jaminan Persalinan (Jampersal), yaitu pemberian jaminan persalinan bagi masyarakat yang belum mendapat jaminan kesehatan untuk persalinan. Jaminan pelayanan yang diberikan mencakup : pemeriksaan kehamilan, pelayanan persalinan, pelayanan nifas, pelayanan Keluarga Berencana, pelayanan neonatus dan promosi ASI.

Berkaitan dengan agenda ke-6, Menkes mengingatkan kembali pentingnya komitmen  melaksanakan INPRES  No. 3 Tahun 2010 tentang Program Pembangunan yang Berkeadilan. Salah satu fokus program pengendalian HIV/AIDS 2010 dan 2011 yaitu  jumlah orang yang berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang menerima konseling dan testing HIV pada tahun 2010 sebanyak 300.000 orang dan tahun 2011 menjadi 400.000 orang. Persentase orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) yang mendapatkan obat anti retroviral (ARV) tahun 2010 sebanyak 70% dan tahun 2011 menjadi 75%. Presentase kabupaten/kota yang melaksanakan pencegahan penularan HIV sesuai pedoman tahun 2010 sebanyak 50% dan tahun 2011 menjadi 60%. Penggunaan kondom pada kelompok risiko tinggi  tahun 2011 sebanyak 35% pada perempuan  dan 20% pada laki-laki.

“Berdasarkan hasil Riskesdas 2010, persentase penduduk umur  15 tahun dengan pengetahuan komprehensif tentang HIV/AIDS sebesar 11,4%. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya terus meningkatkan komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi (KIE) terhadap kelompok ini”, ujar Menkes.

Sedangkan prevalensi penduduk yang merokok  pada kelompok umur 45-54 tahun sebesar 32,2%. Sedangkan  pada penduduk laki-laki umur 15 tahun ke atas sebanyak 54,1%  adalah perokok. Prevalensi tertinggi pertama kali merokok pada umur 15-19 tahun (43,3%) dan sebesar 1,7% penduduk mulai merokok pertama kali pada umur 5-9 tahun. Untuk mengatasi hal itu, mengharapkan para Gubernur segera  mengeluarkan kebijakan Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di wilayah kerja masing-masing.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat

Mengacu pada visi pembangunan nasional, strategi pertama yang dilakukan Kemenkes adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat, swasta, dan masyarakat madani melalui kerja sama nasional dan global.  Berarti pembangunan kesehatan juga tidak terlepas dari komitmen Indonesia sebagai warga masyarakat dunia untuk ikut merealisasikan tercapainya MDGs.

Masyarakat diarahkan agar berdaya dan ikut aktif memelihara kesehatannya sendiri, melakukan upaya pro-aktif tidak menunggu sampai jatuh sakit, karena ketika sakit sebenarnya telah kehilangan nilai produktif. Upaya promotif dan preventif perlu ditingkatkan untuk mengendalikan angka kesakitan yang muncul dan mencegah hilangnya produktivitas serta menjadikan sehat sebagai fungsi produksi yang dapat memberi nilai tambah, ujar Menkes.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat berupaya memfasilitasi percepatan dan pencapaian derajat kesehatan bagi seluruh penduduk dengan mengembangkan kesiap-siagaan di tingkat desa dan kelurahan yang disebut Desa dan Kelurahan Siaga Aktif  seperti dituangkan melalui Keputusan Menkes No.1529/MENKES/ SK/X/2010 tentang Pedoman Umum Pengembangan Desa dan Kelurahan Siaga Aktif.

Desa dan Kelurahan Siaga Aktif adalah desa dan kelurahan yang penduduknya dapat mengakses dengan mudah pelayanan kesehatan dasar yang memberikan pelayanan setiap hari melalui Pos Kesehatan Desa (Poskesdes) atau sarana kesehatan yang ada seperti Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat Pembantu (Pustu), Puskesmas atau sarana kesehatan lainnya. Penduduknya dapat mengembangkan upaya kesehatan berbasis masyarakat (UKBM) dan melaksanakan surveilans berbasis masyarakat (meliputi pemantauan penyakit, kesehatan ibu dan anak, gizi, lingkungan dan perilaku), kedaruratan kesehatan dan penanggulangan bencana serta penyehatan lingkungan serta menerapkan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS).

Pada kesempatan tersebut, Menkes mengharapkan kepada para Gubernur untuk Mengembangkan Desa dan Kelurahan Siaga Aktif di daerah masing-masing untuk mempercepat tercapainya masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan.

Berita ini disiarkan oleh Pusat Komunikasi Publik, Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi melalui nomor telepon : 021-52907416-9, faks : 52921669, Call Center : 021-500567, atau alamat e-mail : puskom.publik@yahoo.co.idThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , info@ depkes.go.id, dan kontak@ depkes.go.id.

Friday 21 January 2011

Hotel Diimbau Jaga Kebersihan Cegah "Legionella" Antara

Denpasar (ANTARA) - Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali mengimbau para pemilik hotel di wilayah Kuta untuk lebih memperhatikan kebersihan guna turut mencegah penyebaran penyakit "legionella".
"Imbauan itu kami berikan kepada para pemilik hotel di kawasan Kuta, karena kasus penyakit yang ditularkan bakteri `legionella pneumophillia` itu pertama kali ditemukan pada beberapa wisatawan asing yang menginap di daerah tujuan wisata internasional tersebut," kata Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali dr Nyoman Sutedja di Denpasar, Jumat.
Dia menjelaskan, imbauan untuk lebih memperhatikan kebersihan di sekitar hotel itu, karena bakteri penyebar penyakit tersebut biasanya bersarang di dalam mesin pendingin ruangan (AC).
Jika pihak hotel bisa memperhatikan dan membiasakan membersihkan AC secara rutin, sudah cukup untuk menekan perkembangbiakan bakteri penyebar penyakit yang mengganggu saluran pernapasan manusia tersebut.
Sutedja mengatakan, selain melalui AC, penyebaran bakteri legionella juga bisa melalui air di kolam renang.
Untuk itu, perawatan dan pembersihan kolam renang dianjurkan dilakukan secara rutin disertai dengan penggunaan obat kimia, agar kebersihan airnya tetap terjaga.
Menurut Sutedja, kasus 11 warga asing yang dilaporkan positif legionellosis, sebenarnya sudah terjadi sejak Agustus hingga penghujung 2010.
"Namun, munculnya pasien kasus tersebut tidak terjadi sekaligus, tetapi berlangsung secara bertahap. Laporan kasus tersebut tidak kami terima secara langsung, melainkan melalui Kementerian Kesehatan RI," ujarnya.
Dari 11 pasien penyakit akibat bakteri tersebut, sembilan orang di antaranya merupakan warga Australia, selebihnya dari Belanda dan Prancis.
Dikatakan, 11 turis yang terjangkit legionella itu tak menetap dalam jangka waktu lama di Bali. Rata-rata mereka berlibur di Pulau Dewata dalam kurun waktu 7-10 hari sesuai masa berlaku visa kunjungan.
Sebagian besar dari mereka sudah berusia agak lanjut di atas 45 tahun, kelompok yang lebih mudah terjangkit legionella.
Turis asing itu selama di Bali juga tak hanya berdiam di satu tempat. Selain itu, mereka diperkirakan tak memiliki daya tahan tubuh yang baik dan masih belum beradaptasi dengan iklim di Bali.
Sumber: yahoo.com

Tuesday 11 January 2011

Cervical Cancer: The Preventable Gynecologic Cancer Photo: Three women

Photo: Three womenMost cases of cervical cancer are easily preventable with regular screening tests and follow-up. It also is highly curable when found and treated early. Now vaccines are available to protect against the most common cause of cervical cancer.
All women are at risk for cervical cancer. It occurs most often in women over age 30. Cervical cancer is highly preventable because screening tests (such as the Pap test) and vaccines to prevent HPV infections are available. When cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life.
Photo: A womanThe main cause of cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sex. HPV also causes other cancers, including vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile, and some head and neck cancers. At least half of sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their lives.
Most of the time, HPV goes away by itself within two years and does not cause health problems The immune system can fight off HPV naturally. If the body does not clear the HPV virus, it stays in the body for many years before it causes these cancers. It is not known why HPV goes away in most, but not all, cases.

Screening Tests

Two tests can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early—
  • The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately.
  • The HPV test looks for the virus that can cause these cell changes.
The Pap test is recommended for all women, and can be done in a doctor's office or clinic. Women should start getting regular Pap tests at age 21, or within three years of the first time they have sex—whichever happens first. In addition to the Pap test, the HPV test may be used to screen for cervical cancer, along with the Pap test, in women aged 30 years and older. It also may be used to provide more information when a Pap test has unclear results.
If you have a low income or do not have health insurance, you may be able to get a free or low-cost Pap test through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. To find out if you qualify, call your local program or 1-800-CDC-INFO.

HPV Vaccines

Photo: A smiling womanHPV vaccines protect against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. Two HPV vaccines are licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and recommended by CDC. These vaccines are Cervarix® (made by GlaxoSmithKline) and Gardasil® (made by Merck). Both vaccines are very effective against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers. So both vaccines prevent cervical cancer and precancer in women.
CDC recommends that all girls who are 11 or 12 years old get three doses (shots) of either brand of HPV vaccine to protect against cervical cancer and precancer. Gardasil® also protects against most genital warts. Girls and young women ages 13 through 26 who were not vaccinated earlier should get all three doses of an HPV vaccine. Gardasil also is approved for boys ages 9 through 18 to reduce their chance of getting genital warts.
Most health insurance plans cover the cost of vaccines, but you may want to check with your insurance provider before going to the doctor. If you don’t have insurance, or if it does not cover vaccines, the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program may be able to help. Through this program, children younger than 19 years of age who are Medicaid-eligible, American Indian or Alaska Native, or have no health insurance can receive vaccines at reduced cost.

More Steps to Help Prevent Cervical Cancer

These things may also help lower your risk for cervical cancer—
  • Don't smoke.
  • Use condoms during sex.*
  • Limit your number of sexual partners.
*HPV infection can occur in both male and female genital areas that are covered or protected by a latex condom, as well as in areas that are not covered.